Глагольные конструкции.

В конструкциях с seem (и несколькими похожими глаголами), например, в предложении ‘Somebody seems to be calling you’ глагол seems относится не к подлежащему somebody, а ко всей ситуации, что кто-то звонит.
Похожее явление наблюдается в случаях так называемых subject-to-subject raising и object-to-subject raising.

Subject-to-subject raising

Посмотрим на следующие преобразования в предложении:

(a) [That they will win] is likely.
(b) It is likely [that they will win].
(c) They are likely to win.

Подлежащее придаточного клоза в (а) становится формальным подлежащим главного клоза в (c), хотя, строго говоря, вероятность победить относится не к ним, а к возможности победить.

Object-to-subject raising

(a) [To find them] is hard
(b) It is hard [to find them]
(c) They are hard to find

В этом случае дополнение придаточного клоза в (а) "поднимается до статуса" подлежащего в (c).

Еще примеры (в последнем «поднимается» до роли подлежащего дополнение предлога):

To cook rice is easy – It is easy to cook rice – Rice is easy to cook.
To teach her is a pleasure – It is a pleasure to teach her – She is a pleasure to teach.
To live with Bill is difficult – It is difficult to live with Bill – Bill is difficult to live with.

Иногда в виде исключения это возможно:

Someone has set on my hat. My hat has been sat on.
Jack hasn't slept in his bed. His bed hasn't been slept in.
The distance has never been walked/run in under five minutes before.
No conclusion was come to/arrive at.

И кроме того, пассив возможен с предложными глаголами, которые вообще во многих смыслах похожи на переходные:

All the expenditure has now been accounted for.
Have these goods been paid for?
He is a man who is always listened to.

Looked at in this way, the affair is not so serious.

■ Пассив с глаголами-связками невозможен.

1. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object)

■ Возможны два варианта:
Tom caught the ball. (with passive)
Paul lacks confidence. (without passive)

Наиболее "популярные" из многочисленных глаголов, которые употребляются в этой конструкции: begin, believe , bring , call, carry, close, cut, do, end, enjoy, expect, feel, find, follow, hear , help , hold , keep, know, like, lose, love, make, mean, meet, move, need, pass, receive , remember , say , see, start, study, take, use, visit, want, wash, watch, win.

Большинство глаголов могут употребляться в пассивных конструкциях:

My finger was/got badly burnt.
The postman brought it and apologised.
Our luggage was brought to the hotel.

Do you want to keep the menu?
Random access memory is a temporary storage area where information is kept while the computer is on.

I've just started a camera course at university.
The fire was started deliberately.

■ Глагол marry употребляется так:

The Consul married John and Mary.
John and Mary were married by the Consul.
John/Mary was married to Mary /John.

Fit, have, lack, resemble и suit не употребляются в пассиве:

I had a weird dream. (Неверно: A weird dream was had (by me).)
That suits you. (Неверно: You’re suited by that.)

■ have в значениях, отличных от 'hold' или 'possess' иногда может употребляться в пассиве:

A good time was had by all.

В заголовках новостей возможны следующие варианты:

Prime Minister announces new immigration restrictions (active)
New immigration restrictions announced by Prime Minister (passive with agent phrase)
New immigration restrictions announced (passive with agent omitted)

2. Subject + vt + that-clause (as direct object)

a) I think that we have met.

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы accept, admit, agree, announce, argue, assume, believe, bet, check, claim, comment, complain, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, decide, deny, discover, doubt, expect, explain, feel, find, forget, gather, guarantee, guess, hear, hint, hold, hope, imagine, imply, infer, insist, know, learn, mean, mention, notice, predict, presume, pretend, promise, protest, prove, realise, recall, reckon, recognise, remark, remember, repeat, reply, report, say, see, show, state, suggest, suppose, suspect, swear, think, understand, warn, write:

■ Возможны два варианта пассива:

A. It is believed that he is ill.
B. He is believed to be ill.

A. It is believed that he is coming.
B. He is believed to be coming.

A. It is believed that he has come/came.
B. He is believed to have come.

Первый вариант можно употреблять с большинством глаголов из тех, что используются в этой конструкции.
Второй вариант употребляется с глаголами: assume, believe, consider, declare, expect (future reference), feel, know, report, say, see, suppose, think, understand.

■ С глаголами depend, insist и swear возможна конструкция: I will see (to it) (that) nothing happens.

You may depend (up)on it that I shall support you. [(Up)on it – обязательно]
I must insist ((up)on it) that everyone leaves the room. [(up)on it - необязательно]
I saw/can swear (to it) that he never left my sight. [to it - необязательно]

■ пассив здесь не употребляется.

b) с глаголами recommend, agree, arrange, ask, command, consider, decide, desire, disagree, insist, intend, propose, request. suggest, urge может употребляться конструкция:

We recommend (that) he should go/go.

Употребление should+инфинитив характерно для британского английского, а глагол в форме subjunctive – для американского диалекта).

■ Пассив: It is recommended that he should go.
Такой пассив не употребляется с глаголами desire, disagree, insist.

c) Глагол regret, а также такие обороты как 'I am sorry' или 'It is a pity' употребляются в таких конструкциях:

I regret (that) he should feel/feels that way.
(вариант с should в американском английском звучит неестественно)

■ Пассив:
It is regretted that he should feel that way about it.

3. Subject + vt + wh-clause (as direct object)

a) В этой конструкции, во-первых, употребляются глаголы: anticipate, arrange, ascertain, ask, care, check, choose, confirm, consider, decide, depend, discover, discuss, doubt, enquire, establish, explain, find, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, judge, know, learn, mind, notice, observe, out, predict, prove, realise, remember, say, see, show, tell, think, wonder.

Could I possibly ask why you’re unable to attend?
I’ll just find out who you need to speak to.
Nobody can predict what’s going to happen in life.
You can never tell what he’s going to do next. [tell = predict]

■ Пассив:
What happened to him was never explained.
(вместо explained может быть asked, found out, forgotten, known, re¬membered, understood)

b) I asked if/whether had gone.
You have to decide whether or not you want it.

В конструкции с whether/if могут употребляться глаголы ask, decide. doubt, enquire, find out, forget, not know, not say, wonder.

Пассив: It was not known if/whether he would ask.

4. Subject + vt + wh-infinitive (as direct object)

I learned how to sail a boat.
I wonder what to do.

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы: arrange, ask, check, choose, consider, decide, discover, discuss, enquire, establish, explain, find, forget, imagine, inquire, judge, know, learn, notice, observe, out, remember, say, see, show, tell, think, wonder.

Can you explain how to use this machine?
I’m just wondering what to say to you.
The committee reports to the Head of Department, who can then choose whether to take action.

5. Subject + vt + to-infinitive (as direct object)

We've decided to move house.

С инфинитивом могут употребляться глаголы afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, claim, continue, decide, demand, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, remember, (can hardly) stand, start, try, want, wish:

I managed to make it sound a lot better than it was.

Пассив: I hope/want/would like to be asked.

6. Subject + vt + noun phrase + to-infinitive

a) Это фактически вариант предыдущий конструкции, где инфинитивный оборот имеет свое собственное подлежащее (если это местоимение, то оно стоит в объектной форме) – вместе они представляют собой смысловое целое, которое можно рассматривать как составное дополнение.

They want us to help.

Наиболее часто в этой конструкции употребляются глаголы choose, hate, like, love, need, prefer и want:

She’d hate me to remember just that sort of thing.

Пассив: You are expected to come tomorrow.

■ Предложение 'You are supposed to come tomorrow' не имеет эквивалента в активном залоге.

b) С глаголами arrange, ask, long, prepare, provide, vote, wait и wish возможна такая конструкция:

I will arrange for you to come (vt + for + NP + infinitive)

■ Пассив: We asked/arranged/longed/waited for that to be done.

7. Subject + vt + -ing clause (as direct object)

She enjoys playing tennis.

В этой конструкции обычно употребляются глаголы admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, burst out (e.g. laughing), can't help, can't face, can't stand , can’t face, commence, complete, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, despise, detest, discuss, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, justify, keep (on), leave off (= cease/stop), loathe, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, put off, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate

■ Герундий может употребляться в пассивной форме: appreciate being asked.

■ С глаголами want, bear, need и require герундий может иметь пассивное значение:

My shoes want mending.

8. Subject + vt + noun phrase + -ing clause

I hate the children quarrelling.

С некоторыми глаголами – например, hate, like, love, mind и remember – может употребляться -ing clause с фактически своим подлежащим (если это местоимение, то оно употребляется в объектном падеже):

I used to love him coming to visit us.

■ Пассивы возможны только с to-инфинитивом:

The car was seen to stop.
We were made to empty all our suitcases.
He has never been known to behave like that before.

Переходный глагол + косвенное дополнение + прямое дополнение

1. Subject + vt + noun phrases (as indirect object) + noun phrase (direct object)

They offered her some food.

1-1 В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы: accord (to), advance (to), afford, allow (to), ask (for), assign (to), bet, bid (to), book (for), bring (to, for), build (for), buy (for), cable (to), call (for), cash (for), catch (for), cause (to), change (for), charge, choose (for), cook (for), cost (-), cut (for), deal (to), deny (to), do (to, for), fetch (to, for), find (for), fix (for), forgive, get (to, for), give (to), grant (to), guarantee, hand (to), keep (for), leave (to, for), lend (to), mean (to), offer (to), order (for), owe (to), pass (to), pay (to), play (to), post (to), prepare (for), promise (to), quote (to), reach (for), read (to), recommend (to), refuse (to), reserve (for), save (for), sell (to), send (to), serve (to), show (to), sing (to, for), spare (for), take (to), teach (to), telephone (to), tell (to), throw (to), wish (to), write (to).

She gave me her email address.

■ Пассив может быть образован со всеми глаголами кроме call, cost, cut, fix, get, mean, reach, wish:

He was shown the way.

■ Некоторые глаголы допускают использование двух вариантов пассива.

They gave the children presents.
The children were given presents. Пассив 1-й вариант (непрямое дополнение становится подлежащим).
Presents were given to the children. Пассив 2-й вариант (прямое дополнение становится подлежащим).

Первый вариант более распространен. К глаголам, которые допускают эти два варианта, относятся bring, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pay, promise, read, send, serve, show, teach, tell, throw:

We were paid lots of money. (несколько менее естественно: Lots of money was paid [to us].)
active alternatives: They paid us lots of money./They paid lots of money to us.
I was taught English by her father. (возможно, но менее естественно: English was taught to me by her father.)

1.2. Прямое дополнение может быть опущено в тех случаях, когда оно ясно из контекста, с глаголами allow, ask, bet, cable, forgive, grant, owe, pay, promise, send, show, teach, telephone, tell, write:

- I'll tell/write you tomorrow.

■ Пассив возможен со всеми глаголами этой группы кроме grant и owe:

You were asked/shown/told.

■ Непрямое дополнение может выражать и неодушевленный предмет с push, pull, wash, rub, polish, употребляемых и как существительное и как глагол.

He gave George /the door a push = He pushed George /the door.

■ Пассив возможет только в таком виде: George/The car was given a push.

2. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + prepositional phrase (as oblique complement)

2.1.В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы bring, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pay, promise, read, send, serve, show, teach, tell, throw:

Please say something to us.
I offered my condolences to the family.

George handed the bottle to William.

■ Пассив возможен со всеми глаголами кроме cost, reach, wish:

A book was given to George.
Nothing was said to me about it.

2.2 (vt + direct object + for)

She bought a dictionary for her brother.

■ Пассив возможен со всеми глаголами кроме cost, reach, wish:

Books were provided for George.

В некоторых случаях глаголы употребляются с типовым дополнением:

TAKE advantage of/note of
MAKE fun of/a fuss about/use of
LOSE sight of/touch with
CATCH sight of
GIVE way to
KEEP pace with
PAY attention to
PUT a stop to
SET fire to
GET rid of

В этом случае в пассиве возможны два варианта:

(1) Great care was taken of his books (более формально).
(2) His books were taken great care of (более разговорно).

■ Возможна такая конструкция:

We leave it to you/ your discretion to decide.
I must leave it to your own judgement to decide whether you should come or not.
We owe it to society to help in the apprehension of criminals.
He owes it to his father’s influence that the Committee appointed him to the position.

■ Пассив выглядит так:
It is left to you/your discretion to decide.

3. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as indirect object) + that-clause (as direct object)

3.1 Первый вариант:

They told me that I was too early.
We told her [that] she couldn't have them.
He convinced us (that) he could do it.
Did he warn you that he might be late?

■ C глаголами assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade, remind, tell непрямое дополнение обязательно:

The bank manager convinced them that it was not a good time to start a business. (Нельзя: The bank manager convinced that it was not a good time to start a business.)
Remind her that the committee meeting is on Monday.

■ С глаголами show, bet, promise, report и warn непрямое дополнение можно опускать:

He showed (us) (that) he could do it.

■ В обоих случаях возможен только один вариант пассива:
We were convinced/shown/ warned (that) he could do it.

■ Возможна такая конструкция с косвенным дополнением (to + NP):

He explained (to us) that he was on a diet

■ Пассив такой конструкции возможен с глаголами кроме complain и remark:

It was reported to us that he had had an accident.

3.3 Глаголы acknowledge, admit, announce, complain, confess, explain, mention, point out, propose, prove, recommend, remark, report, say, state, и suggest допускают комплементацию в виде предложного оборота и that-clause как прямого дополнения:

He did not return to his seat but announced to the general assembly that he was very tired.

4. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as indirect object) + wh-clause (as direct object)

4.1 В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы tell, advise, ask, inform, remind, show, teach:

He asked me what time it was.

I asked him why he came.
Could you please advise me what I should do.
Just to remind you what we covered last time… (преподаватель на лекции)
Don't ask me what it is.

■ Пассив: I was told when the accident had happened.

С глаголами ask и show непрямое дополнение может опускаться:

He asked (me) where I had been.

■ Пассив: I was asked when the accident had happened.

4.3 Глагол explain употребляется с wh-clause следующим образом:

He explained (to us) what had happened

■ Пассив: It was explained to us how the accident had happened.

5. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as indirect object) + wh-infinitive (as direct object)

5.1 Глаголы advise, ask, instruct, remind, show, teach, tell, warn могут употребляться в конструкции с wh-инфинитивом в роли прямого дополнения:

I’ll ask Anne what to wear.
The pastry chef showed him how to create exotic desserts.
They should have told us what to do if we were dissatisfied.
Mary showed us what to do.
I showed them how to do it.
Please tell me which to take.
He told us where to go.
They told the girl where to start.

5.2 Как вариант этой конструкции можно рассматривать обороты с whether (= if в разговорной речи) с глаголами tell, inform, remind:

Tell me if/whether they have gone.

С глаголом ask непрямое дополнение может опускаться:

I asked (you) if/whether they have gone.

■ Пассив:
I was not told/asked if/whether anyone had telephoned.

6. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + to-infinitive clause (as indirect object)

В роли непрямого дополнения может выступать инфинитивный оборот:

I advised Mark to see a doctor.
Who taught you to play the guitar?

К глаголам, которые употребляются в этой конструкции относятся advise, ask, beg, challenge, command, direct, forbid, implore, instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, urge:

Did they ever advise you to go and see a doctor?
Sally invited her to stay lots of times.

Переходный глагол + прямое дополнение + комплемент дополнения

1. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + noun phrase (as object complement)

They elected him captain.

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы appoint, baptize, call, christen, consider, crown, declare, deem, elect, find, hold, keep, label, leave, make, name, nominate, proclaim, pronounce, rate, think, vote:

They named the ship 'Victory'.

■ C глаголами appoint, baptize, christen, crown, elect, label, name, nominate возможны два варианта пассива:

He was elected. He was elected captain.

С глаголами call, declare, leave, make, nickname, proclaim, pronounce, vote возможен только один вариант пассива:

He was made captain.

1.1. Возможны конструкции по следующим шаблонам:

We considered it a pity /strange + to-verb
We considered it foolish (of him) + to-verb
We considered it a pity /strange + that clause

Например:

We believe it a pity/strange (for him) to say a thing like that.
We consider it a pity/strange that he never answered your letter.

Так могут употребляться глаголы consider, believe, count, think.

■ Пассив употребляется с глаголами consider и think:

It was considered a pity/ strange/foolish etc.
It was thought a pity/ strange/foolish etc.

1.2. Возможна конструкция по следующему шаблону:

We regard him as a genius/as brilliant (as + NP/ adjective).

Так могут употребляться глаголы accept, acknowledge, claim, condemn, consider, count, describe, look on, recognise, regard, see, treat.

■ Пассив:
He is acknowledged/ regarded/looked (up)on as a genius/ as brilliant.

1.3. Возможна конструкция по следующему шаблону:

They took/mistook him for an American (for + NP)
They took me for a fool.

■ Пассив:

He was taken for an American.

2. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + adjective phrase (as object complement)

That music drives me mad.
It used to drive me crazy.

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы call, consider, declare, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, prefer, send, think, turn, want:

I must keep dad’s dinner warm.
The whole of mankind makes me angry.
We found the garden slightly disappointing.

■ Пассивы:
The house was found (to be) empty.
We were nearly driven mad.
Our rooms were got ready.

3. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + prepositional phrase (as locative complement)

I Ieft the key at home.
You could put the water in a bottle.
I put the key in the lock.

■ Пассив:

The car was put in the garage.
Which is the garage (that) my car was put in?

4. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + to-infinitive clause (as object complement)

В этой конструкции употребляются: allow, announce, appoint, assume, believe, condemn, consider, declare, elect, enable, encourage, entitle, equip, expect, feel, find, force, get, help, imagine, inspire, intend, know, lead, mean, oblige, permit, presume, proclaim, prompt, reckon, report, require, suppose, take, think, tip, understand

They knew him to be a spy.
I certainly believe it to be very rare.

Williams quite simply loathes the automobile. He believes it to be the world’s prime source of disease, pollution and war and a destroyer of mind, nature and morality.
She had never intended her work to cause such controversy.
Most people supposed him (to be) innocent.
They proved him (to be) wrong.
Do you think him (to be) a good worker?

■ Пассив:
He is believed to have arrived in Moscow in the last two weeks.
It has been known to happen.
The polluted waters were reported to be moving out to sea.

4.1. Употребление to be в этой конструкции может быть обязательным (а) или нет (b):

(a) We know him to be reliable/a good worker (to be обязательно).

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы know, acknowledge, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, report, suppose.

■ Пассив: He is known to be reliable/ a good worker

(b) We consider him (to be) a fool/foolish (to be не обязательно)

В этой констукции употребляются глаголы consider, declare, find, prove, think.

(инфинитив обязателен в такого рода предложениях: We consider him to have been foolish (=We consider that he acted foolishly).

■ Пассив: He is considered (to be) a fool/foolish

5. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + infinitive without to (as object complement)

I saw her leave the room.
I heard her scream.

5.1. Этак конструкция употребляется с глаголами восприятия: feel, see, watch, hear, notice:

Jane used to come down here and watch me bake cakes.
I heard the bell ring

6. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + -ing clause (as object complement)

I heard some one shouting.
I noticed them doing that.
I found him standing on the doorstep

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы catch, discover, feel, find, get, have, hear, overhear, keep, leave, notice, observe, see, set, smell, spot, start, stop, want, watch:

I found her bathing the baby, which was lovely.
At ten o’clock every Friday they’d hear someone walking up the stairs.
My next-door neighbour actually said to me that the girl next door to her had overheard them talking about breaking into this house on the corner.

■ Пассив может употребляться с глаголами catch, discover, find, hear, keep, leave, observe, see, set:

We were kept waiting.
The car was seen backing into a garage.
He was found smoking.

7. Subject + vt + noun phrase (as direct object) + -ed clause (as object complement)

I got the watch repaired.
Let's get this stuff washed.

В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы: feel (oneself), have, need, find, leave, want, get, like, prefer:

I keep meaning to get it fixed.
He had a few things stolen.

7.1. Find, like, prefer и want могут употребляться так:

We found the door (to be) locked

7.2. Have, feel, get, hear, keep и see могут употребляться по следующему шаблону (и в этом случае to be нельзя вставить):

I have had my hair cut.
We saw the door safely locked.

■ Make может употребляться последующему шаблону:

Some people can always make their presence felt.
He made his influence felt.
You must make yourself respected.

■ Пассив возможен с глаголами find, keep и think:

The door was found (to be) locked.

■ Пассив также возможен с глаголом see (to be здесь обычно вставляется) :

The door was seen to be locked.

Ставим смысловой акцент на той или иной части высказывания. Перемещение элементов предложения.

Возьмем пример из English grammar A University Course, A.Downing.

На любое предложение можно посмотреть с трех сторон:

Первая сторона отражает связь с реальностью и в семантике вводят разные специальные обозначения для "действующих лиц":

Agent The police arrested him.
Experiencer: He felt very sad and very down.
Goal: I sent them to Durrell street.
Instrument: The seaming holds everything very well.
и т.п.

Вторая сторона – это рассмотрение предложения с грамматической точки зрения, анализ элементов предложения.

И, наконец, предложение может быть рассмотрена в терминах темы и ремы, где тема – отправная точка высказывания.
Чередование тем и рем весьма важно с точки зрения построения связного текста, а выбор темы дает возможность сделать акцент на той или иной части высказывания. Например:

Theme                                 Rheme
We                                       'll reach Toledo, but not Seville, before noon.
Before noon                         we'll reach Toledo but not Seville.
Toledo, but not Seville,         we'll reach before noon.

И возможны разные варианты подачи информации в тексте.

She has a huge team of people working for her. Some of them have been with her for years.
В этом случае темой первого предложения является she, а темой второго – наиболее важная часть ремы первого (a huge team of people).

Mum was always a hard worker and had plenty of drive but, in a small way, she was also proving to be quite a successful business woman.

Здесь наоборот – тема относится к одному и тому же лицу.

Замены элементов предложения.

При замене эта замена не всегда относится непосредственно к тому, что уже упоминалось:

Bill got a first prize this year, and I got one last year.

Речь, разумеется, идет о разных призах.
От этого может зависеть и выбор замены:

Two players injured themselves during the match.
Two players injured two players during the match.

Еще пример:

This coat is more expensive than the ones I saw in the market.

Таким образом можно разделить coreference и substitution.

Coreference:
Personal pronouns: he, she, it, they, her, them…
Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, themselves…
Possessive pronouns and determiners: mine, hers, theirs, my, her…
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Definite adverbs of time and place: then, here, there.
Definite pronoun and determiner such.

Substitution
Indefinite pronouns one(s), some, any, none, either, neither, few, many, several, enough…
Demonstrative pronouns that, those.
Pro-predicate and pro-predication do.
Pro-complement, pro-predication and pro-clause so.
Pronoun and pro-complement the same, likewise, similarly
Adverbs of process so, thus; and of degree and intensity so, that.

Replacing noun phrases and their const.
Replacing clauses and their const.

One – substitution:

Can you give me a few nails? I need one.

Some, none, any etc.:

Can you give me a few nails? I need some.

That, those as substitution:

Towards the end of his life, Schubert wrote two remarkable trios: that in B flat, and that in E flat.

The same – substitution:

Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please? Give me the same, please.

Замены для клозов и их составляющих.

do:
Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does.

Do so (do it, do that):

They planned to reach the top of the mountain, but nobody knows if they did (so)

so:

Prices at present are reasonably stable, and will probably remain so.

so + not:

Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. My father thinks so, but I believe not.