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11-1. Coreference и substitution
При замене эта замена не всегда относится непосредственно к тому, что уже упоминалось:
Bill got a first prize this year, and I got one last year.
Речь, разумеется, идет о разных призах.
От этого может зависеть и выбор замены:
Two players injured themselves during the match.
Two players injured two players during the match.
Еще пример:
This coat is more expensive than the ones I saw in the market.
Таким образом можно разделить coreference и substitution.
Coreference:
Personal pronouns: he, she, it, they, her, them…
Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, themselves…
Possessive pronouns and determiners: mine, hers, theirs, my, her…
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Definite adverbs of time and place: then, here, there.
Definite pronoun and determiner such.
Substitution
Indefinite pronouns one(s), some, any, none, either, neither, few, many, several, enough…
Demonstrative pronouns that, those.
Pro-predicate and pro-predication do.
Pro-complement, pro-predication and pro-clause so.
Pronoun and pro-complement the same, likewise, similarly
Adverbs of process so, thus; and of degree and intensity so, that.
Replacing noun phrases and their const.
Replacing clauses and their const.
One – substitution:
Can you give me a few nails? I need one.
Some, none, any etc.:
Can you give me a few nails? I need some.
That, those as substitution:
Towards the end of his life, Schubert wrote two remarkable trios: that in B flat, and that in E flat.
The same – substitution:
Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please? Give me the same, please.
Замены для клозов и их составляющих.
do:
Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does.
Do so (do it, do that):
They planned to reach the top of the mountain, but nobody knows if they did (so)
so:
Prices at present are reasonably stable, and will probably remain so.
so + not:
Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. My father thinks so, but I believe not.