3-40. Will как модальный глагол

 
Как модальный, глагол will может выражать:

1. Решение что-то сделать, которое принимается в момент речи (с первым лицом)

Oh, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.
‘What would you like to drink?’. ‘I’ll have an orange juice, please’.
The phone's ringing. I'll answer it.

2. Решимость в более «глобальном» масштабе:

I 'will stop smoking! I really will!
I 'will have my own way.
I 'will do as I like.
He 'will have his own way.
He 'will not (won't) be bullied.

В этом случае ударение падает на will и его нельзя сокращать на письме в виде 'll.

■ Такую же решимость в прошлом можно выразить с помощью would:

He would have his own way (он упорно стоял на своем).
He wouldn’t be bullied (его нельзя было запугать).

3. Готовность, добровольность, согласие:

I will (I'll) lend yon the book if you need it.
George will help you.
If you'll help me, we can finish this in no time.

Can somebody help me? – I will.
There's the doorbell. – I'll go.

В вопросительной форме можно выразить предложения и приглашения (часто с ‘will you’):

Will/Won't you have a piece of cake?
Have a piece of cake, will/won't you?
Who will have some coffee?

Will/Won't you come inside? (поднимающаяся интонация)
Come inside, will/won't you? (поднимающаяся интонация)

‘Won't you...? ’ выражает несколько большую настойчивость:

Won't you have some more wine?

■ Would смягчает высказывание, делает его более вежливым:

Would you come inside now?
Would you open the window, please?
Would you mind standing up for a moment?
Would you like tea, or would you prefer coffee?
Would you like to go instead of me?
What's the matter with George? Has he gone mad? - I would say so, from the way he's behaving.

4. Обещание/угрозу:

I'll definitely pay you back next week.
I'll kill her for this.
You'll have your money tomorrow, I promise you.
I promise I won't smoke again.
I'll phone you tonight.
I'll hit you if you do that again.
I will punish you if you don't behave yourself.

5. Приказ:

You will wait here till I return.
All staff will leave the building at once.
The regiment will attack at dawn.
You will start work at six o'clock sharp.

Для распоряжений и просьб можно употреблять will you:

Will you sit down! (с падающей интонацией)
Sit down, will you. (с падающей интонацией)

Will you send me the bill, please?
Come this way, will you?
Will you be quiet!
Will you lend me your pen for a moment?
Lend me your pen for a moment, will you?

Употребление would смягчает высказывание, делает его вежливее:

Would you send me the bill, please?
Come this way, would you?

6. Характерную особенность:

6.1. Выражаются привычные действия:

Danny will sit and look at the sea for hours.
If something breaks down and you kick it, it will often start working again.
Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals.
When you look at clouds they will often remind you of animals.

Так же выражаются всегда справедливые истины:

Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals.
Cold weather will kill certain plants.

■ Привычные действия в прошлом можно выразить с помощью would:

Danny would sit there… (привычное для него действие в прошлом)
When she was old, she would sit in the corner talking to herself for hours.
Sometimes he would bring me little presents without saying why.
On Sundays when I was a child we would all get up early and go fishing.
During the war, people would eat all kinds of things that we don't eat now.

6.2. Упорная привычка (часто при этом выражается неодобрение):

I/You/he 'will leave that door open.
You/he 'won't leave me alone.
If you 'will eat so much pastry, you can't complain if you get fat.
Не 'will go out without an overcoat although the weather is so cold.
If you 'will leave that door open, what can you expect?
She 'will fall in love with the wrong people.
Well, if you 'will keep telling people what you think of them ...

В этом случае ударение падает на will и его нельзя сокращать на письме в виде ‘ll.

He 'will leave that door open.
You 'won't leave me alone.
If you 'will eat so much pastry, you can't complain if you get fat.
If you 'will leave that door open, what can you expect?
She 'will fall in love with the wrong people.
Well, if you 'will keep telling people what you think of them ...

■ Эта же идея в отношении прошлого выражается с помощью would (под ударением):

He would leave the door open.
If you would leave that door open, what can you expect?
You've lost a button off your coat. You would do that, just as we're going out.
He was a nice boy, but he would talk about himself all the time.
She just won't do the washing up when I ask her.
I was happy when Sam left. He would talk about people behind their backs.

(часто при этом выражается неодобрение)

Так можно выразить и одиночное действие в прошлом, если оно было типичным для этого человека:

You would tell Mary about the party – I didn't want to invite her.

7. Won’t и wouldn’t могут выражать упорное нежелание что-то делать (может относиться и к неодушевленным предметам):

I won't (=I refuse to) do it.
They won't (=they refuse to) accept your offer.
She won't tell anybody. (= She refuses to... )
She won't open the door.
Give me a kiss. - No, I won't.
The car won't start.

I asked him very politely, but he wouldn't tell me.
She wouldn't open the door.
Не wouldn't (=he refused to) answer any question.
The engine wouldn't start.
The car wouldn't start this morning.
The wound wouldn't heal.

8. Used (to) может употребляться в отношении повторяющихся действий и событий в прошлом с тем же смыслом, что и would:

When we were children we would go / used to go skating every winter.
When she was old, she used to sit in the corner talking to herself for hours.
Sometimes he used to bring me little presents without saying why.

Would в этом случае можно употреблять только если ясно, что высказывание относится к прошлому:

We used to play in the garden, (не ‘we would play...’ так как нет указания на время действия).
Whenever we went to my uncle's house, we would play/used to play in the garden.

9. Причем только used to может выражать состояния:

I used to have an old Rolls-Royce. (не ‘I would have an old Rolls Royce’.)

Также used to, а не would употребляется в отношении постоянного и важного поведения:

Robert used to play a lot of football. (не ‘Robert would play ...’)
I used to smoke. (не ‘I would smoke’.)

Для выражения того, сколько раз совершилось какое-то действие would и used (to) не употребляется:

We visited switzerland four times during the 1970s (не ‘we would/used to visit...’)
She went to jamaica last month (не ‘she would/used to go to jamaica last month’.)

10. Модальный глагол will употребляется в вопросах (при желании это можно «привязать» к вышеперечисленным значениям):

10.1. Предложения:

Will/Won't you have a piece of cake?
Have a piece of cake, will/won't you?
Who will have some coffee?

10.2. Приглашения:

Will/Won't you come inside? (rising intonation)
Come inside, will/won't you? (rising intonation)

10.3. Просьбы:

Will you lend me your pen for a moment?
Lend me your pen for a moment, will you?

10.4. Приказы:

Will you sit down! (falling intonation)
Sit down, will you. (falling intonation)