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6-24. Другие союзы
Кроме if в условных предложениях употребляются другие союзы, имеющие похожий смысл.
1. even if употребляется, чтобы выразить, что одна ситуация не повлияла бы на другую:
I would have married her even if she had been penniless.
Even if you don’t get the job this time, there will be many exciting opportunities in the future.
Even if I become a millionaire, I shall always be a socialist.
2. if only употребляется, чтобы сказать о пожелании – близко по смыслу к ‘I wish…’. Придаточное предложение с if only может употребляться и отдельно, без главного предложения
If only I knew more people!
If only I was better-looking!
If only your father were here!
a) would + bare infinitive выражает пожелание о будущем:
If only it would stop raining, we could go out.
If only somebody would smile!
b) past perfect относится к прошлому:
If only she hadn't told the police, everything would have been all right.
С похожим значением употребляется imagine (that):
Imagine we could all fly. Wouldn't that be fun!
3. only if
These activities can flourish only if agriculture and rural industry are flourishing.
Only можно переносить в главное предложение:
I will only come if he wants me. (=I will come only if he wants me.)
He told them that disarmament was only possible if Britain changed her foreign policy.
4. Unless со значением 'if. . . not', 'except if':
Unless it rains, I'll pick you up at 6.00.
Unless the theatre is able to raise $100,000, it will have to close (= If the theatre isn't able to...)
Come tomorrow unless I phone. (= ... if I don't phone / except if I phone.)
I'll take the job unless the pay is too low. (= if the pay isn't too low / except if the pay is too low. )
I'll be back tomorrow unless there's a plane strike.
Let's have dinner out - unless you're too tired.
I'm going to dig the garden this afternoon, unless it rains.
You can't travel on this train unless you have a reservation.
You won’t catch the train if you don't hurry/unless you hurry.
Your parcel will be dispatched this evening, unless you (would) prefer to take it with you now.
Goods will not be dispatched unless they are paid for in advance.
Не wouldn't do it unless you were to order him to do it.
■ If...not, а не unless употребляется если
(a) событие, описываемое в главном предложении, будет неожиданным:
I'll be amazed if Christie doesn't win.
(b) обычно в вопросах:
If you don't pass the test, what will you do?
(c) когда не подходит по смыслу 'only if':
If it wasn't the best performance of Hamlet I've seen, it was certainly the strangest.
(d) unless не употребляется, если смысл высказывания близок к 'because ... not':
OK. So we'll meet this evening at 7.00 – unless my train's late. (= ... except if my train's late.)
My wife will be angry if I'm not home by 7.00. (не 'My wife will be angry unless I get home by 7.00. - She will be angry because I'm not home'.)
I'll drive over and see you, unless the car breaks down. (= ... except if the car breaks down.)
I'll be surprised if the car doesn't break down soon (не 'I'll be surprised unless the car breaks down soon. - I'll be surprised because it doesn't break down'.)
(e) If ...not обычно употребляется в предложениях с нереальным условием, но если главное предложение в отрицательной форме, то можно употребить unless:
If I weren't so tired, I'd give you a hand.
She wouldn't have gone to university unless her parents had insisted.
■ unless, а не if...not употребляется когда
(a) выражается соображение, которое высказывается уже после первого предположения:
We can leave now - unless you'd rather wait for Jack, of course.
(b) после части предложения с условием идет еще и определительное предложение «возвращающее» нас к позитивному предположению в главной части:
We can walk to the cinema unless it's raining, in which case we'll get a taxi.
5. Whether
Whether you lock your car or not, the police will tow it away.
(в таком предложении нельзя заменить на if … or not)
6. On condition (that), provided(that)/providing (that), so long as/as long as
I will let you drive on condition (that)/ = provided (that)/ = providing (that) /= so/as long as you have a valid license.
I'll give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.
Не says he'll accept the post provided (on condition that) the salary is satisfactory.
Ordering is quick and easy provided you have access to the internet.
Provided that it’s not too much money I’d love to come to Spain.
The oven bakes magnificent bread providing it is hot enough.
Provided the weather keeps like this, the farmers have no need to worry about the crops.
You can borrow my bike providing/provided you bring it back.
It doesn't matter where you put it so long as you make a note of where it is.
They are happy for the world to stay as it is, as long as they are comfortable.
You're welcome to stay with us as/so long as you share the expenses.
So long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure.
On condition (that) обычно употребляется с одушевленными существительными, с другими союзами этой группы это неважно:
We'll be all right so long as it doesn't pour with rain.
7. Suppose/Supposing (that)
С этими союзами можно сделать предположения о будущем и прошлом.
Suppose/Supposing (that) I had/were to have an accident, who would pay? (future)
Suppose/ Supposing (that) I had had an accident who would have paid? (past)
Supposing you'd missed the train. What would you have done?
Supposing my father saw me with you, what might he think?
Supposing the other team wins the match, what will happen to us?
Suppose (supposing) your friends knew how you're behaving here, what would they think?
8. In case
Make a note of my telephone number, in case you want to ring me up.
You'd better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.