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7-8. Подлежащее инфинитивного оборота
В ряде случаев подлежащее главного предложения и подлежащее инфинитива могут совпадать:
I hope to go.
I don't know what to do.
Но в некоторых случаях они могут быть и разными:
I would like you to go.
Tell me what to do.
В следующем предложении очевидно, что некоторые люди нуждаются в консультации:
There are several people to consult.
Кто будет их консультировать, можно дать понять с помощью оборота с for:
There are several people for me/us/you to consult.
В следующих двух предложениях в первом предполагается, что читать книгу буду я, а во втором – что собеседник:
I've brought [a book to read].
Here is [a book for you to read].
Еще примеры:
Ann will be happy to help you. (Ann will help.)
Ann will be happy for the children to help you. (The children will help.)
My idea was to learn Russian.
My idea was for her to learn Russian.
To ask Joe would be a big mistake.
For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake. (не You to ask Joe would be ... )
Ann will be happy for them to help you. (не ... for they to help you.)
Употребление for-phrase невозможно а таком предложении:
Stanley took three weeks to reach the coast.
Но его можно перефразировать:
It took three weeks (for Stanley) to reach the coast.
Еще пример:
To say such a thing is ridiculous.
For Roberts to say such a thing is nonsense.
Обязательно употребление for-phrase при таком преобразовании:
There is some disagreement between us. I think it is a pity.
I think it is a pity for there to be any disagreement between us.
1. Of-phrase употребляется после прилагательных (причем в обязательном порядке после good):
It is foolish (of him) to meet her again.
It was kind (of you) /good of you to write her that letter.
2. Оборот for + object + infinitive часто имеет такое же значение как that-clause:
It's important for the meeting to start on time.
It's important that the meeting should start on time.
Этот оборот используется после ряда прилагательных (например, anxious, eager, delighted, willing, reluctant), чтобы выразить желания и различные чувства о важности будущих событий:
She's anxious for us to see her work.
I'm eager for the party to be a success.
Robert says he'd be delighted for Mary to come and stay.
3. Часто употребляется предваряющее it:
It's [impossible for the job to be finished] in time.
Would it be [easy for you to phone me] tomorrow?
It's [important for the meeting to start at eight].
It seems [unnecessary for him to start work this week].
I consider it [essential for the school to be properly heated].
Is it [usual for foxes to come so close to the town]?
I thought it [strange for her to be out so late].
It's not good [for the oil tank to be so close to the house].
К другим «популярным» таким прилагательным относятся vital, necessary, pointless, unimportant, common, normal, unusual, rare, right, wrong (likely и probable с такими конструкциями не употребляется):
She's [likely to arrive this evening]. (не ‘It's likely for her to arrive this evening’. )
It's [probable that she'll be in a bad temper]./ She'll probably be ... (не ‘It's probable for her to be...’)
4. Такая же конструкция может употребляться после существительных с похожим смыслом: time, a good/ bad idea, plan, aim, need, request, mistake, shame.
It's [time for everybody to go to bed].
It's [a good idea for us to travel in separate cars].
There's [a plan for Jack to spend a year in Japan].
It was [a big mistake for them not to keep John as manager].
It was [a real shame for them not to win after all their work].
5. something for me to do
Something, anything, nothing и похожие слова часто употребляются с последующим оборотом for + object + infinitive:
Have you got something for me to do?
There's nothing for the cats to eat.
Is there anybody for Louise to play with in the village?
I must find somewhere for him to practise the piano.
6. После глаголов: ask for ... to ...
For-structures обычно не употребляются после глаголов:
I need you to help me. (не 'I need for you to help me'.)
Но это не относится к глаголам, с которыми употребление for ествественно (например, ask, hope, wait, look, pay, arrange):
Anne asked for the designs to be ready by Friday.
I can't wait for them to finish talking.
Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? (не '...for the gold being delivered'.)
И еще несколько глаголов, с которыми может использоваться такая конструкция, включают, например, suit и take (time).
When will it suit you for us to call?
It took twenty minutes for the smoke to clear.
И, наконец, в разговорном американском диалекте можно употреблять for-structure с глаголами like, hate, mean, intend и некоторыми другими:
I would like for you to stay as long as you want.
She hates for people to feel sad.
Did you mean for John to mail those letters?
Часто for-structure употребляется после too и enough.
This is much too heavy for you to lift.
There are too many people here for me to talk to all of them.
Do you think it's warm enough for the snow to melt?
I explained enough for her to understand what was happening.
7. as subject
For-structure может употребляться как подлежащее:
For us to fail now would be a disaster.
For her to lose the election would make me very happy.
Но в этих случаях естественнее употреблять предварительное it:
It would make me very happy for her to lose the election.
8. for there to be
There to be может употребляться после for:
I'm [anxious for there to be plenty of time for discussion].
It's [important for there to be a fire escape at the back of the building].
9. that-clauses
Вместо for + object + infinitive может употребляться that-clause + should или subjunctive
(в основном в американском диалекте). That-clause звучит более формально, чем for –structure:
It is [important that there should be a fire escape].
I'm [anxious that the party should be a success].
His idea is that we should travel in separate cars.
It is [essential that the meeting start at eight].
10. Стоит обратить внимание на выражения anywhere/nowhere to be seen/found:
He wasn't anywhere to be seen. (не '… anywhere to see'.)
Susan was nowhere to be found. (не '... nowhere to find'.)
Пассивный инфинитив употребляется также, чтобы выразить оценочные суждения с такими глаголами как congratulate, encourage, avoid:
You are to be congratulated. (не ... to congratulate.)
This behaviour is to be encouraged.
Кроме «обычной» формы - (to) go, (to) work) и т.п. – инфинитив может иметь также продолженную, совершенную и пассивную формы.
11. Progressive infinitive
Продолженная форма выражает соответственно действие в процессе его совершения на момент речи:
It's nice to be sitting here with you.
I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot.
This time tomorrow I'll be lying on the beach.
I don't want to be sitting here all day.
I don't want/expect you to be sitting here all day.
После want+object можно опускать to be:
I don't want you (to be) sitting here all day.
Продолженная форма инфинитива может употребляться и после прилагательных:
We are [sorry to be leaving so soon].
Есть форма будущего продолженного:
Why's she so late? She can't still be working.
■ После had better может употребляться инфинитив в продолженной форме:
We'd better be going.
12. Perfect infinitive
Совершенный инфинитив имеет значение схожее с личными перфектными формами (и иногда с формами прошедшего времени):
It's [nice to have finished work]. (= It's nice that I have finished.)
I'm [sorry not to have come on Thursday]. (= ... that I didn't come ... )
I'm [glad to have left school]. (= I'm glad that I have left ... )
She was [sorry to have missed Bill]. (= ... that she had missed Bill.)
We hope to have finished the job by next Saturday. (= ... that we will have finished ... )
You seem to have annoyed Anne yesterday. (= It seems that you annoyed Anne yesterday.)
I am [happy to have been George's friend].
I expect to have read this book.
I am [sorry to have missed him].
This house is to let. ( = Someone wishes to let it)
You are not to blame for what happened. (==No one should blame you)
Nobody was to blame for the accident.
13. В разговорной речи может иногда употребляться «двойной» перфектный инфинитив:
I would have liked to have seen Harry's face.
14. Modals
После модальных глаголов could, might, ought, should, would и needn't перфектный инфинитив выражает события, которые не совершились:
Did you see him fall? He could have killed himself. (He did not kill himself.)
You should have written - I was getting worried. (The person did not write.)
I would have gone to university if my parents had had more money. (The speaker did not go to university.)
She needn't have sent me flowers. (She did send flowers.)
Еще примеры:
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. (или 'I meant to telephone...' )
You should have told me you were coming.
He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
I wish I'd been there - I would like to have seen Harry's face when Jane walked in.
Так же может выражаться неуверенность:
She could/should/ought to/may/will/must have arrived by now.
I may have left my umbrella at the restaurant.
passive infinitive: (to) be + past participle
15. Пассивный инфинитив обычно выражает тот же смысл, что и другие пассивные формы:
There's a lot of work to be done.
She ought to be told about it.
That window must be repaired before tonight.
Еще примеры:
Women like to be admired.
I want this to be done again.
He is not [strong enough to be moved yet].
He is determined to be obeyed.
The boy was nowhere to be seen. ( = One couldn't see him anywhere)
You are to be congratulated. ( = One must congratulate you)
Jack's work leaves much to be desired. (leave much to be desired – фиксированное выражение со значением 'be very unsatisfactory')
В некоторых случаях активный и пассивный инфинитив имеют схожее значение (особенно после существительных и глагола be):
There's a lot of work to do / to be done.
■ Употребляется также Perfect progressive infinitive и perfect passive infinitive:
I'd like to have been sitting there when she walked in.
They were lucky - they could have been killed.
Progressive passive infinitives возможен, но употребляется очень редко:
What would you like to be doing right now? - I'd like to be being massaged.
Progressive perfect passive infinitive (например, ‘It must have been being built at the time’) употребляется чрезвычайно редко.
16. Отрицательные формы
Отрицательная форма образуется с помощью частницы not перед инфиниитвом:
Try not to be late (нежелательно: 'try to not be late/ try to don't be late'.)
You were silly not to have locked your car.
He's very busy. I'm afraid he can't be disturbed.