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7-18. Причастия как комплемент дополнения
Причастия прошедшего времени могут употребляться в качестве комплемента дополнения:
We found the door (to be) locked (it was locked when we came).
В том числе с глаголами have и get:
You must have/get your hair cut.
В последнем примере причастие выражает результат действия, выраженного первым глаголом и to be здесь вставить нельзя.
В следующем предложении конструкция носит уже «пассивный» характер:
I have had my car stolen (= My car has been stolen).
■ Причастные обороты могут употребляться после существительных и местоимений (так же, как определительные придаточные предложения):
Half of the people invited to the party didn't turn up. (= ... who were invited ... )
In came the first runner, closely followed by the second.
Причастия в совершенной форме обычно так не употребляются:
Do you know anybody who's lost a cat? (неверно: Do you know anybody having lost a cat?)
(1) Причастные обороты прошедшего времени – как правило, сокращения от придаточных предложений, в которых глагол употребляется в пассиве:
If this house is/has been painted white, it is looks bigger.
When this house is/has been painted white, it is looks bigger.
Now (that) this house is/has been painted white, it is looks bigger.
→ Painted white, this house looks bigger.
I like your house if/when/now (that) it is/has been painted white
→ I like your house painted white.
Еще примеры:
We couldn't agree on [any of the problems discussed]. (= ... the problems that were discussed.) (неверно: ... the discussed pmblems.)
[The people questioned] gave very different opinions. (= The people who were questioned ... ) (неверно: The questioned people ... )
I watched the match because I knew [some of the people playing]. (не ... the playing people.)
I got [the only ticket left]. (неверно: ... the only left ticket.)
Those часто употребляется с причастием со значением 'the ones who are/were':
Most of those questioned refused to answer.
Those selected will begin training on Monday.
(2) Союзы несколько отличаются от тех, что употребляются в причастных оборотах с причастиями настоящего времени:
I will gladly come to your house if/when/whenever (I am) invited.
I won't come until/unless (I am) invited properly.
(Al)though (I was) invited, I didn't go.
Even if (I am) invited I won't go.
Whether (I am) invited or not I won't go.
I am returning your letter, as (I was) requested (to do).
He fell off his horse as if (he had been) shot.
After, before, since, on, in и by в такого рода предложениях не употребляются, но они могут использоваться в конструкции being + -ed:
After/since being invited, I have been told the party was cancelled.
On being told the party was cancelled, she burst into tears.
(On being told = when she was told).
(3) Такие причастные обороты-ed могут быть ограничительными и неограничительными:
Cars (which have been) parked illegally will be removed.
The castle, (which was) burnt down in 1485, was never rebuilt.
Причастие может быть в продолженной форме:
We were delayed by heavy trucks (which were) being loaded onto the ship.
В отличие от «одиночного» причастия, которое используется как прилагательное, причастный оборот (даже если он также состоит только из одного причастия) обычно ставится после определяемого слова:
[The defeated army] fled into the hills.
Will [the students (who are) interested/concerned/involved] please write their names on this piece of paper.
При этом такие причастия могут менять свое значение в зависимости от занимаемой позиции:
a concerned expression (= a worried expression)
the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected)
an involved explanation (= a complicated explanation)
the people involved (= the same as the people concerned)
an adopted child (= a child who is brought up by people who are not his/her biological parents)
the solution adopted (= the solution that is/was chosen)
(4) Предлог by обычно употребляется с пассивом, чтобы выразить того, кто совершает действие:
Most of the damage was caused by your sister.
Но если причастия прошедшего времени употребляются как прилагательные, обычно используются другие предлоги:
She was frightened by a mouse that ran into the room. (Frightened – часть пассивной формы, обозначающая действие)
She's always been terribly frightened of dying. (Frightened – прилагательное, выражающее умственное состояние)
The kids were so excited by the music that they kept screaming.
Joe's excited about the possibility of going to the States.
I was annoyed by the way she spoke to me.
I'm annoyed with you.
The burglar was surprised by the family coming home unexpectedly.
I'm surprised at/by your attitude.
He was badly shocked by his fall.
We were shocked at/by the prices in London.
Еще примеры:
His whereabouts are known to the police.
The hills are covered in snow.
The room was filled with thick smoke.