8-6. Схема употребления относительных местоимений

 
1. В зависимости от того, является ли придаточный клоз (A) ограничительным или (B) неограничительным, определяется (1) одушевленный или (2) неодушевленный предмет, а также какую роль играет союзное слово в придаточном предложении – (a) подлежащего, (b) дополнения, (c) дополнения предлога или (d) определения – предложения могут выглядеть следующим образом:

(A 1) ограничительные, одушевленный предмет

a) There is [the driver who/that overtook us five minutes ago].
b) Where is [the man (whom)/ (who)/(that) I saw this morning]?
c) Is that [the man to whom you gave your tickets]?
Is that [the man (whom)/(who)/(that) you gave your tickets to]?
d) That is [the boy whose father is an astronaut].

(A 2) ограничительные, неодушевленный предмет

a) There is the car which/that overtook us five minutes ago.
b) Where is the book (which)/(that) I bought this morning?
c) Is that the address to which you sent the telegram?
Is that the address (which)/(that) you sent the telegram to?
d) He mentioned a book whose title/the title of which has slipped my memory/ I can't remember now.

(B 1) неограничительные, одушевленный предмет

a) The driver, who was very young, had only just got his license.
b) The driver, whom/who I had never seen before, insisted that he knew me.
c) Sergeant Brown, to whom I showed my licence, was very polite.
Sergeant Brown, who/whom I showed my licence to, was very polite.
d) The injured pedestrian, whose leg had been broken, was carried away on a stretcher.

(B2) неограничительные, неодушевленный предмет

a) They soon repaired the car, which had not been badly damaged.
b) The front bumper, which the other car had twisted a little, was soon put straight.
c) Martin's garage, to which the car had been taken, was not far away.
Martin's garage, which the car had been taken to, was not far away.
d) This book, whose author/the author of which/of which the author is a woman of eighty, is very amusing.

Красным цветом помечены «классические» варианты (но при этом далеко не всегда самые употребимые). Местоимения в скобочках могут быть опущены.

При этом:
■ Whom употребляется только в формальном стиле и в разговорной речи обычно заменяется на who:

The woman who I marry will have a good sense of humour.
The woman whom I marry will have a good sense of humour (более формально).

В неограничительных предложениях whom реже заменяется на who, но и сами такие предложения в разговорной речи встречаются достаточно редко.

In that year he met Rachel, whom he was later to marry.
In that year he met Rachel, who he was later to marry (более разговорно).

2. В ограничительных предложениях можно использовать that вместо who/whom/which. Чаще всего that используется в качестве дополнения в придаточном предложении, а так же в качестве подлежащего вместо which. Вместо подлежащего who также можно использовать that, но это звучит уже совсем разговорно:

the people that I invited (чаще, чем the people who I invited)
the books that I lent you (чаще чем the books which I lent you)
the bus that crashed (чаще, чем ‘the bus which crashed’)
the people that live next door (разговорно) / the people who live next door (предпочтительнее в более формальной обстановке)

3. В неограничительных предложениях that обычно не употребляется (хотя в совсем разговорной речи это иногда и бывает):

The Master's course, which I took in 1990, is no longer taught.
The Master's course, that I took in 1990, is no longer taught (не очень грамматически правильно).

4. Когда союзное слово играет роль дополнения в ограничительном придаточном предложении, оно обычно опускается:

Do you remember the people we met in Italy?
I forget most of the films I see.
All I want is your happiness.

Это недопустимо в неограничительных предложениях:

She met my brother, whom she later married (неправильно: She met my brother, she later married.)
I poured him a glass of wine, which he drank at once (неправильно: I poured him a glass of wine, he drank at once.)

■ Which может употребляться в придаточном определительном клозе в качестве определителя. Звучит это достаточно формально (и чаще всего употребляется в некоторых устойчивых сочетаниях – таких как in which case и at which point):

She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her.
He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.

He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life.
He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty.

They stayed with me three weeks, during which time they drank all the wine I had. (. . . and during this time)
I was told to go not by train but by bus, which advice I followed. (. . . and I followed this advice.)
They robbed him of what little money he had. (. . . the small sum of money he had.)