8-7. Другие союзные слова

 
What
Местоимение what «работает» как существительное+союзное слово вместе и означает 'the thing(s) which'. What можно употреблять как подлежащее, дополнение, комплемент:

What she said made me angry (subject).
I hope you're going to give me what I need (object).
This is exactly what I wanted (complement).

This is the thing that/=what I can never understand.

What нельзя употреблять как союзное слово в придаточном предложении:

We haven't got [everything that you ordered]. (Неправильно: ... everything what you ordered)
[The only thing that keeps me awake] is coffee. (Неправильно: The only thing what keeps me awake is coffee.)
Sally married [Joe, which made Paul very unhappy]. (Неправильно: ... what made Paul very unhappy.)

■ What может употребляться как определитель перед существительными:

[What money he has] comes from his family. (= The money that he has ... )
I'll give you [what help I can]. (= ... any help that I can.)

Where, when, why

Определительные предложения могут также выражать место, время и образ действия. Для этого употребляются союзные наречия when и where (которые по смыслу «работают» так же, как сочетания предлог + which) и наречие why (употребляется таким же образом после the reason):

This was [the place where we first met]. (= ...the place at/in which we...)
Do you know [a shop where I can find sandals]? (= ... a shop at which I can find sandals?)
[Stratford-on-Avon, where Shakespeare was born,] is visited by thousands of tourists.
I'll never forget [the day when I first met you]. (= ... the day on which I first met you.)
He wasn't looking forward to [the time when he would have to leave] (= ...the time at which ...)
[Boxing Day, when Christmas boxes used to be given to servants,] is the day following Christmas Day.
Do you know [the date when we have to hand in the essay]? (= ...the date on/by which...)
Do you know [the reason why she doesn't like me]? (формально ... the reason for which why she doesn't like me?)

Место и время действия можно уточнять следующим образом, используя that и иногда which (в таких предложениях that обычно опускается):

Can you show me (the place) where/the house in which Shakespeare lived?
Can you show me the house (that)/(which) Shakespeare lived in?

I shall never forget (the time) when George first came to school.
I shall never forget [the day/morning (that) George first came to school].

The baby was taken ill [the day (that) we were to have sailed for New York].
The boys ran off [the moment they saw the owner of the orchard].
The sea was, unfortunately, very rough [the day we crossed the Channel].
Come and see us [any time (that) you're in town].
I'll never forget [the day (that) we met].
That was [the year (that) I first went abroad].

Так же that можно использовать после the reason и the/a way:

[The reason (that) you're so bad-tempered] is that you're hungry.
I didn't like [the way (that) she spoke to me].
Do you know [a way (that) you can earn money without working]?

Так же можно употреблять that после where, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere и place (но не после других слов):

Have you got [somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour]?
We need [a place (that) we can stay for a few days]. (но неправильно: We need a house we can stay for a few days.)

В некоторых случаях возможно опускать некоторые части придаточного клоза:

I admired [the way (in which) you answered his questions].
That is [(the reason) why so few people come here].
Tell me [(the reason) why you did it].
[The reason (why) he comes here] is . . . (= His reason for coming here is . . .)

■Такие клозы употребляются с where, when и why, но с how выглядят неестественно.