2-30.

 
1. Ряд наречий совпадает по форме с соответствующими прилагательными (обычно такие слова короткие по форме – fast, hard, long, straight, early и т.п.):

A fast train travels fast.
This is hard work. We have to work hard.
An ambitious man has high aims. He aims high.
A late starter starts late.
He gave a low bow. He bowed low.
Run in a straight line. Run straight to the tape.
An early riser gets up early.

Еще примеры:

We had an [early breakfast]. (adj.)
We had breakfast early. (adv.)

We went by [a fast train]. (adj.)
Don't speak so fast. (adv.)

The post is [fast in the ground]. (adj.)
The paper was stuck fast to the desk. (adv.)
He was fast asleep. (adv.)

We waited [half the afternoon]. (adj.)
This is not half good enough. (adv.)

We have had [a long wait]. (adj.)
Have you been waiting long? (adv.)

I want [a straight answer] to my question. (adj.)
Tell me straight what you think. (adv.)
He has come straight from London. (adv.)

2. Есть несколько прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -ly, обозначающих периоды времени: hourly, daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, yearly (к ним могут добавляться префиксы: added: bi-weekly, bi-monthly). Такие прилагательные употребляются и как наречия:

There is [an hourly service of trains to London]. (adj.)
The buses run hourly. (adv.)

We advertised for a house in [several weekly periodicals]. (adj.)
This periodical is published weekly. (adv.)

Daily/Weekly/Quarterly newspapers are published daily/weekly/quarterly.

■ Если суффикс -ly добавляется к таким словам как man, king, scholar (со значением ‘having the nature or qualities of’), получающееся в результате слово – всегда прилагательное и не употребляется как наречие. Например:

beastly, brotherly, cowardly, (un)earthly, fatherly, (un)friendly, gentlemanly, heavenly, kingly, leisurely, lively (from life), lovely, masterly, motherly, princely, queenly, (ur)scholarly, sisterly, (un)soldierly, womanly.

3. И есть прилагательные и наречия, совпадающие по форме, но с некоторой разницей в зависимости от того, как именно они употребляются, причем наречия иногда имеют и форму с суффиксом -ly. К таким часто встречающимся словам относятся clean, clear, close, dead, direct, easy, fair, firm, high, large, loud, mighty, pretty, quick, right, sharp, slow, soft, sound, sure, tight, wide. Каких-то твердых правил здесь нет и употребление этих слов надо запоминать индивидуально (а иногда и нельзя однозначно сказать, употребляется ли слово как прилагательное или как наречие).

Clean употребляется как наречие со значением ‘completely’ или ‘thoroughly’:

The bullet went clean through the wall.
I clean forgot to ask him about it.
The prisoner got clean away.
He threw the ball clean over the roof.
He was clean bowled in the first over.

(Clean также употребляется в составных формах: clean-shaven; clean-cut).

Наречие cleanly употребляется достаточно редко (его надо отличать от прилагательного cleanly ['klenli]):

A sharp knife cuts cleanly.

Clear употребляется как наречие со значением ‘completely’ и часто может быть заменено на clean:

The bullet went clear through the door.
Wipe the windscreen clear.

Также clear может иметь значение ‘apart’, ‘not touching’:

Stand/ keep clear of the gates of the lift.
Stand clear of the gates!

Clearly употребляется после глаголов и, разумеется, с прилагательными:

He is clearly wrong (clearly in the wrong).
Can you see clearly from here?
I can't see the road clearly.
You must clearly understand that . . .
It must be clearly understood that . . .

Clear также иногда встречается после глагола (в этом случае возможно и clearly):

The moon shone clear(ly).
He spoke loud(ly) and clear (ly).

В качестве наречия степени предпочтительнее употреблять clearly, а не:

He speaks very (quite) clearly. (Можно и 'He spoke loud and clear'.)

Close со значением ‘near’, часто употребляется как наречие:

Stay close to me.
He was following close behind.
This success brings us closer to final victory.
The closer (formal style: more closely) we look into the question, the greater the difficulties appear.

В других случаях употребляется наречие closely:

The prisoners were closely (= strictly) guarded.
Watch what I do closely (= carefully).
He sent me a letter of two closely written pages (т.е. ‘with the words and lines close together’).

Dead как наречие имеет значение ‘completely’ или ‘absolutely’:

dead level; dead straight; going dead slow (as slowly as possible, almost stopped); dead drunk; dead beat (tired out, exhausted).
The wind was dead against us (was blowing directly opposite to our course).

Deadly иногда может означать ‘extremely’: deadly dull.

Чаще всего deadly употребляется как прилагательное: deadly poison; deadly hatred; the seven deadly sins.

Direct как наречие имеет значение ‘straight’:

We went direct to the station.
This train goes direct to London.
I shall communicate with you direct (т.е. ‘not through a third party/ not through my
solicitors’).

Directly употребляется так:

We are not directly affected by the new taxes.
He is directly descended from the eighteenth century novelist Cox.
These new laws concern us all directly (==in a direct way).

Также directly может означать

‘at once’, ‘immediately’ : He left directly after breakfast. Let's meet directly/straight/ after lunch. I'll tell you directly (=as soon as) he comes. (conjunction)
‘after a short time’: I’ll be with you directly.

Easy как наречие употребляется только в устойчивых оборотах:

Take it easy.
Stand easy.
Go easy (with the butter).
Easier said than done.

В остальных случаях употребляется easily:

He is not easily satisfied.
You can easily imagine my surprise.
He won the race easily ( = with ease).

Fair употребляется как наречие в: play fair; hit fair; fight fair; bid fair to ( = seem likely to).
В остальных случаях обычно употребляется fairly: treat him fairly; act fairly by all men.

Being a sportsman can mean playing fair(ly).
You have answered fairly ( = in a fair or just way).

Fairly употребляется с прилагательными и наречиями со значением ‘moderately’: fairly well; fairly soon; fairly good; fairly certain.

Your answer was fairly good.

Firm употребляется как наречие в stand firm; hold firm to something.

В остальных случаях употребляют firmly: I firmly believe that . . .
Fix the post firmly in the ground. I had to speak firmly to him.

The enemy is advancing. Stand firm.
Don't drop that vase. Hold it firmly.
Hold this post firm(ly) while I hammer it into the ground.

High употребляется как наречие в таких оборотах как: aim high; fix one's hopes high; hold one's head high; play high (т.е. ‘gamble for high stakes’); search high and low. The sea was running high. Passions were running high.

В остальных случаях употребляется highly: highly amusing; highly paid; a highly placed official; a highly cultivated woman; speak highly of someone; esteem someone highly.

Large употребляется после loom и bulk: to loom/bulk large.
Largely употребляется со значением ‘to a great extent’: This was largely due to. ..

Loud употребляется как наречие в talk loud: Don't talk so loud. Who laughed loudest?

Don't speak so loud(ly). Someone will hear you.

Сравним с: He called loudly for help. She complained loudly of having been kept waiting. We shouted loudly for help, but nobody came.

Mighty может в разговорном языке (особенно в США) употребляться как наречие: mighty easy/pleasant. It was mighty kind of you.

Наречие mightily употребляется редко.

Pretty употребляется как наречие со значением ‘fairly’ или ‘moderately’: pretty difficult; feeling pretty well; pretty much (= almost) alike; pretty nearly the same; she's pretty good; she dances pretty well.

Prettily имеет значение ‘in a pretty or pleasing manner’:

She speaks/sings/is dressed prettily.
She was prettily dressed.
Mary dresses very prettily.

Quick в разговорном языке употребляется после распространенных глаголах движения: Come quick. I ran as quick as I could.

В остальных случаях употребляется quickly: Retribution quickly followed. The term passed quickly.

Right очень часто употребляется как наречие: It serves you right. You did right to apologize. (но You acted rightly.) He guessed/answered right. Nothing goes right with me.

Rightly со значением ‘correctly’ всегда употребляется в позиции перед глаголом: He rightly guessed that . . . I cannot rightly recollect whether . . . Rightly or wrongly, they decided that the boy must be punished.

Sharp как наречие имеет значение ‘punctually’: at six o'clock sharp. Так же как наречие sharp употребляется в: look sharp ( = be quick); sing sharp (= above the true pitch); turn sharp left. (Ср. turn sharply to the left.)

At the crossroads, we turned sharp (to the) left.
We arrived at ten o'clock sharp.

Sharply употребляется в: answer sharply; speak sharply to someone; a sharply pointed pencil; turn sharply to the left.
The car turned sharply and drove away.
I spoke to the driver sharply.

Slow употребляется как наречие только в: Go slow (as a command); The workers decided to go slow (= to work slowly, as a form of protest or to get satisfaction for demands, etc.). Slow! Go slow(ly): we're coming to a crossroads.

В остальных случаях употребляется обычно slowly: How slowly the time passes! Drive slowly round the bend.

Speak slowly please.
Drive slowly onto the ferry.

Soft иногда употребляется как наречие в сравнениях: Play softer.

В остальных случаях употребляется softly: Tread softly so as not to wake the baby.

Sound является наречием в: sound asleep.

В остальных случаях употребляется soundly: argue soundly; thrash somebody soundly.

Sure употребляется как наречие в sure enough; as sure as my name is Tom (разговорно).
В остальных случаях употребляется surely: working slowly but surely.

Tight употребляется как наречие в нескольких оборотах: hold it tight; keep your mouth tight shut; squeeze it tight; screw the nuts up tight; a coat made to fit tight round the waist.

Перед причастиями всегда употребляется tightly: We were tightly packed in the bus. (Ср. We were packed tight.) The children sat with their hands tightly clasped.

Wide часто употребляется как наречие: Open your mouth wide. The window was wide open. He was wide awake. We searched fa r and wide. It fell wide of the mark. Their views are still wide apart.

Widely употребляется с причастиями прошедшего времени: widely scattered; widely separated; widely known. He has travelled widely (т.е. ‘in many different parts’).

Wrong употребляется как наречие в ‘to guess wrong’ (лучше, чем ‘guess wrongly’).

Wrongly употребляется перед причастиями прошедшего времени: ‘We were wrongly informed’.

■ В случае наречий hard / hardly, just / justly, late / lately и most / mostly есть существенная разница уже в значении.

Значение наречия hard можно проиллюстрировать следующими примерами: try hard; work
hard; look hard at somebody; freezing hard; hard at work; be hard put to it (be in difficulties); hard (close) by; running as hard as he could.

Hardly чаще всего имеет значение ‘scarcely’: hardly long enough (not quite long enough); hardly ever (very seldom). I hardly know her. You'd hardly believe it.

Для сравнения:
He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.)
He hardly does anything nowadays. (He does very little.)
He was hard hit by the financial crisis (= he was hit hard, he suffered severe losses).
He was hardly hit by the financial crisis (= it had hardly any, scarcely any, effect on him, so that he did not suffer much loss).

Hardly иногда может иметь значение ‘with difficulty’, но этого лучше избегать из-за риска двусмысленности: Hardly earned money может значить как ‘money earned with difficulty’, так и ‘money that was earned without the proper amount of work being done, money that was scarcely earned’.
По этой же причине лучше сказать hard-earned money, чем hardly earned money, когда смысл - ‘money earned with hard work’.

Наречие justly имеет значение ‘with right or justice’: As you justly (rightly) observe . , . He was justly punished.

Наречие just не имеет уже прямой связи с прилагательным just или существительным justice: just so (quite so, or, in exactly that manner); just now; just then; just here; just as you say. We only just managed to catch the train. I’ve just seen him. He earns just enough for his needs.

Наречие late - антоним наречия early: go to bed late; stay up late; arrive late; marry late in life; sooner or later.

Lately означает ‘recently’: I haven't seen him lately.

Наречие mostly имеет значение ‘for the most part’: The motor-cars manufactured in England in 1952 were mostly exported. Houses built in England are mostly of brick or stone.

Most – превосходная степень many/much: What pleased me most was that . . . The people most concerned in the business.

После таких глаголов как smell, taste, и feel обычно употребляются прилагательные, а не наречия (особенно когда вместо них можно употребить глагол be), так как это в этом случае глаголы-связки.

This medicine tastes nasty (= is nasty when tasted).
The roses smell sweet (= are sweet to the sense of smell).
You will feel safe with him (feel that you are safe).

Но если такой глагол нельзя заменить на be, употребляется наречие:

The man smelt strongly of whisky.
This soup tastes strongly of fish.