2-33. Предлоги и пространство

 
1. Первичная функция предлогов передавать относительные связи предметов в пространстве. Предлог может передавать положение или движение в том или ином направлении. Выбор предмета зависит от того, представляет себе говорящий предмет по отношению к которому определяется положение, как точку (т.е. условно как предмет без измерений, если они неважны), как линию (одно измерение), поверхность (два измерения) или пространство (три измерения).

1.1.
Go to X.
Stay at X.
Go away from X.
Go from X to Y.
Go back to Y.
Stay away from X.

1.2.
We are leaving for X.
We are walking toward(s) X.
We are coming to X.
We have arrived at X.

1.3.
Drive onto the motorway.
We are on the motorway.
Drive off the motorway.
We are off the motorway.

1.4.
Go on/onto the platform.
Stay on the platform.
Get off the platform.
Stay off the platform.

1.5.
Come in/into my office.
Come inside my office.
Stay in your room.
Stay inside your room.
Go out of my office.
Go outside (of) my office.
Stay out of my office.
Stay outside (of) my office.

1.6.
Go as far as X.
Go through X.
We passed by X.
We stood by X.
We have gone past X.
We have gone beyond X.
We are past X.
We are beond X.

1.7.
We are driving along the road (по дороге).
They live along the road (наш дом рядом с дорогой).
We are driving along the river (рядом с ней).
We are going across the road.
We are safely across the road.

1.8.
Walk across the square.
We are safely across the square.
The bank is across the square.

1.9.
Drive through the town.
W are thrugh the town.

1.10.
Go up the hill.
We are up the hill.
Go down the hill.
We are down the hill.
Jump over X.
The plane is flying over X (мы уже перешли через него).
It is over X
Now we are over X (мы над ним)..
Crawl under X.
Stay under X.
We are flying above the water.
We are above the water.
He is swimming below/beneath/underneath the surface.
The stone is below/beneath/underneath the surface.

1.11.
X is running in front of Y.
X is in front of Y.
X is running behind Y.
X is behind Y.
X is behind Y.
X is running beside Y.
X is beside Y.
X is opposite Y.

1.12.
We are going (a)round the circle.
We have gone all (a)round the circle.
My belt is (a)round my waist.

1.13.
We are going between X and Y.
Y is going between X and Z.
Don’t worry – you are among(st) friends.

1.14.
X is walking with Y
X is proceeding without Y.
X is fighting against/with Y.
There is a ladder against the wall.

1.15.
I am sitting next to you.
Are we going near/far (away) from X?
We are near /far (away) from X.

Так же можно говорить о движении ‘along a line’, ‘across a surface’, ‘though a space’ и т.п.