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9-4. Переходный глагол + прямое дополнение
1. Subject + vt + noun phrase (dO)
2. Subject + vt + that-clause (dO)
3. Subject + vt + wh-clause (dO)
4. Subject + vt + wh-infinitive (dO)
5. Subject + vt + to-infinitive (dO)
6. Subject + vt + noun phrase + to-infinitive (dO)
7. Subject + vt + -ing clause (dO)
8. Subject + vt + noun phrase + -ing clause (dO)
1. Subject + vt + noun phrase
Наиболее "популярные" из многочисленных глаголов, которые употребляются в этой конструкции: begin , believe , bring , call, carry, close, cut, do, end, enjoy, expect, feel, find, follow, hear , help , hold , keep, know, like, lose, love, make, mean, meet, move, need, pass, receive , remember , say , see, start, study, take, use, visit, want, wash, watch, win.
2. Subject + vt + that-clause
(1) В такой конструкции употребляются глаголы accept, admit, agree, announce, argue, assume, believe, bet, check, claim, comment, complain, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, decide, deny, discover, doubt, expect, explain, feel, find, forget, gather, guarantee, guess, hear, hint, hold, hope, imagine, imply, infer, insist, know, learn, mean, mention, notice, predict, presume, pretend, promise, protest, prove, realise, recall, reckon, recognise, remark, remember, repeat, reply, report, say, see, show, state, suggest, suppose, suspect, swear, think, understand, warn, write:
I think [that we have met].
He thinks [(that) I'm right].
I believe [(that) you have…]
I couldn’t accept that he was never going to come back.
Some of the girls complained yesterday [that we’re not cleaning the inside of the fridges].
I’d forgotten [that you’d rung somebody up].
Her therapist held [that it was natural and healthy for human beings to assume that bad things happened only to other people in remote areas].
So, every time, I remark [that he’s losing weight].
I can understand [that she must have felt she was under some pressure].
С глаголами depend, insist и swear возможна конструкция: I will see (to it) (that) nothing happens.
You may depend (up)on it that I shall support you. {(Up)on it – обязательно}
I must insist ((up)on it) that everyone leaves the room. {(up)on it – необязательно}
I saw/can swear (to it) that he never left my sight. {to it – необязательно}
(2) С глаголами recommend, agree, arrange, ask, command, consider, decide, desire, disagree, insist, intend, propose, request. suggest, urge может употребляться конструкция:
We recommend [(that) he should go/go].
Употребление should+инфинитив характерно для британского английского, а глагол в форме subjunctive – для американского диалекта).
(3) Глагол regret, а также такие обороты как I am sorry или It is a pity употребляются в таких конструкциях:
I regret [(that) he should feel/feels that way].
(вариант с should в американском английском звучит неестественно)
■ That часто опускается таких конструкциях в разговорном языке, особенно после think:
I think [he’s bored with his job].
That также часто опускается, если подлежащее в придаточном предложении совпадает с подлежащим главного предложения:
The guy now claims [he didn’t do it].
I hope I’ve got [the right size].
He reckons [he’s made a mistake].
Тенденция к сохранению that характерна для формального стиля:
In chapter three it was mentioned [that the effect of getting large volumes of water mixed up in a volcanic eruption is to make it more violent].
We knew very quickly [that we could talk to each other about anything and that we’d be there for each other].
(4) Возможны такие конструкции:
He admitted to his employer [that he had made a mistake].
He confessed to her [that he had spent all his money].
I suggested to them [that it might be better to wait].
We explained to everyone [that the delay was evitable].
She said to him [that. . .]
3. Subject + vt + wh-clause (как прямое дополнение)
(1)
Can you guess [what she said]?
We understand [what you're saying].
I wonder [what they said].
Nobody will believe [how difficult this work has been].
I wonder [why he hasn’t come].
В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы: anticipate, arrange, ascertain, ask, care, check, choose, confirm, consider, decide, depend, discover, discuss, doubt, enquire, establish, explain, find, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, judge, know, learn, mind, notice, observe, out, predict, prove, realise, remember, say, see, show, tell, think, wonder.
Could I possibly ask [why you’re unable to attend]?
I’ll just find out [who you need to speak to].
Nobody can predict [what’s going to happen in life].
You can never tell [what Jack is going to do next]. (tell = predict)
После глаголов wonder, ask, consider, decide, explain, find out, forget. know, realise, remember, understand, agree/ disagree могут употребляться предлоги about, as to и on:
They agreed [about/as to/on where to go next].
They disagreed [about/as to/on where to go next].
(2)
I asked [if/whether he had gone].
You have to decide [whether or not you want it].
В конструкции с whether/if могут употребляться глаголы ask, decide, doubt, enquire, find out, forget, not know, not say, wonder.
4. Subject + vt + wh-infinitive
(1) В этой конструкции употребляются глаголы: arrange, ask, check, choose, consider, decide, discover, discuss, enquire, establish, explain, find, forget, imagine, inquire, judge, know, learn, notice, observe, out, remember, say, see, show, tell, think, wonder:
I learned [how to sail a boat].
How did you know [who to write to]?
I wonder [what to do].
I wonder [how to get there].
Do you know [how to do it]?
I forget [where to turn off the main road].
Can you explain [how to use this machine]?
I’m just wondering [what to say to you].
The committee reports to the Head of Department, [who can then choose whether to take action].
5. Subject + vt + to-infinitive
We've decided [to move house].
They decided [to buy it].
I want [to go home].
С инфинитивом могут употребляться глаголы afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, claim, continue, decide, demand, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, remember, (can hardly) stand, start, try, want, wish:
They couldn’t afford [to put the heating on].
But they are unlikely [to forgive the company for failing to warn them so many things could go wrong].
I managed [to make it sound a lot better than it was].
Well, Laura, I can’t promise [to be up at four or five in the morning].
6. Subject + vt + noun phrase + to-infinitive
(1) Это фактически вариант предыдущий конструкции, где инфинитивный оборот имеет свое собственное подлежащее (если это местоимение, то оно стоит в объектной форме) – вместе они представляют собой смысловое целое, которое можно рассматривать как составное дополнение.
They want [us to help].
Наиболее часто в этой конструкции употребляются глаголы choose, hate, like, love, need, prefer и want:
She’d hate [me to remember just that sort of thing].
They just wanted [us to be happy].
(2) С глаголами arrange, ask, long, prepare, provide, vote, wait и wish возможна такая конструкция:
I will arrange [for you to come] (vt + for + NP + infinitive)
7. Subject + vt + -ing clause (as direct object)
(1)
She enjoys [playing squash].
We love [buying old furniture].
I enjoy [listening to the radio].
В этой конструкции обычно употребляются глаголы admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, burst out (e.g. laughing), can't help, can't face, can't stand , can’t face, commence, complete, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, despise, detest, discuss, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, justify, keep (on), leave off (= cease/stop), loathe, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, put off, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate.
■ Can’t help может также употребляться с but + базовая форма глагола: You couldn’t help but laugh at it.
■ Consider употребляется с герундием в значении ‘think about doing something’: Have you considered contacting Mr Stanfield?
■ can't bear может употребляться и глагол и герундий:
Haven’t you finished [packing yet]? (неверно: Haven’t you finished to pack yet?)
They keep [changing the timetable and it confuses everybody]. (неверно: They keep to change …)
I fancy [doing some evening classes]. (неверно: I fancy to do some evening classes.)
I really appreciated [having met them all before].
He accepted that he had been abusive but denied [threatening to kill the barman].
I don’t really feel like [going out tonight].
Fewer students from poor backgrounds will be put off [going to university].
(2) C глаголами hate, like, love и prefer можно употреблять и герундий и инфинитив с небольшой разницей в смысле.
Употребление герундия делает смысловое ударение на самом действии, а инфинитива – на результате. Кроме того герундий часто выражает удовольствие (или его отсутствие) от действия, а инфинитив – предпочтение:
I really like my teacher and I like my class.
I like being in year five. (emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it)
I like home-made soup.
I like to make a panful and then it lasts me a couple of days. (emphasis more on result and the habit or preference)
Но с would и should употребляется только инфитинив:
I would like [to go to Spain], or somewhere else, such as Italy. (Неверно: I would like going to Spain …)
(3) С глаголами forget, go on, mean, need, regret, remember, stop, try, want в зависимости от употребления герундия или инфинитива меняется смысл.
Remember и forget
Инфинитив выражает необходимые действия и выполнены они или нет:
I must remember [to ask the secretary for his phone number].
Oh, what I forgot [to bring] was the candle.
Герундий относится к воспоминаниям о прошлом:
Do you remember [going to that place in Manchester]? (Do you remember when we went to that place …?)
I’ll never forget [landing at Hong Kong airport for the first time].(I’ll never forget when we landed …)
go on
She went on [sleeping] as the sun crept up. (she was sleeping, and continued)
Some people do go on [to have two, three, or even four face-lifts] but this is rare. (after they have had the first face-lift, they then have a second, etc.)
mean
[Getting the earlier flight] means leaving here at 6. (involves/necessitates leaving here at 6)
I didn't mean [to offend her]. (intend to offend her)
regret
You're really regretting [volunteering now], aren't you? (you are sorry for what has already happened)
However, I regret [to say that I think his judgments on the EC … ought not to be so readily accepted]. (polite form meaning: I am sorry for what I am about to say/do)
stop
Stop [saying sorry]! (you are saying sorry all the time; do not do it any longer)
Now and then, one of the players stopped [to light his pipe]. (stopped playing in order to light his pipe)
try
Try [re-setting it]. (re-set it as an experiment, to see if it works) [о неработающем будильнике]
I will try [to remember not to disturb you]. (I will attempt not to disturb you)
(4) С глаголами want, bear, need и require герундий может иметь пассивное значение:
My shoes want [mending].
8. Subject + vt + noun phrase + -ing clause
I hate [the children quarrelling].
С некоторыми глаголами – например, hate, like, love, mind и remember – может употребляться -ing клоз с фактически своим подлежащим (если это местоимение, то оно употребляется в объектном падеже):
I used to love [him coming to visit us].
I can remember [them asking me to carry a bottle of water].
I can just imagine [him saying that].
I didn’t mind [them playing in my garden].
Do you miss [him being around]?
I found [him working at his desk].
We mustn ’t keep [them waiting].
■ Возможны такие варианты:
I don't mind you/=your saying that.
I don't approve of you/=your staying out late.
Возможность выбора есть только если подлежащее неличного оборота отличается от подлежащего главного предложения. Если они одинаковые, то есть только вариант:
I remember (my) saying that.
( You) stop (your) laughing.
You mean she would object to his coming here if she knew? (formal)
You mean she would object to him coming here … (less formal)