9-5. Выбор vt + infinitive/gerund

 
1. Многие переходные глаголы (например, expect, fail, plan, prepare, pretend, guarantee, promise, ask, attempt, refuse, beg, hesitate, swear, hope, learn, threaten, choose, long, train, claim, manage, neglect, offer, decide, wish, demand) могут иметь после себя в качестве дополнения инфинитив другого глагола:

I plan [to visit India next year].
People are refusing [to pay the new tax].
We hope [to be moving into our new flat soon].
We expect [to have completed the work by the summer].

2. После ряда глаголов употребляется герундий (а инфинитив звучит неестественно или совсем безграмотно).

Suggest: They suggested staying at the hotel.
Mention: I never mentioned [meeting him].
Recall: Tom recalled [using his credit card at the store].
Recollect: Do you recollect [borrowing money from her]?

Keep (on): She kept [interrupting me]. The fans kept on [cheering for the players].
Prevent: I wanted [to prevent ending up in the same situation again].
Stop: She stopped [working at 5 o'clock].
Leave off (= cease/stop): It didn’t leave off [raining until midnight].
Give up (=stop): When will you give up [smoking]?
Quit: Why did she quit [working as a nurse]?

Enjoy: We enjoy [hiking].
Resent: Nick resented [Debbie's being there]. He resents [doing it all by himself].
Detest: She detests [exercising].
Despise: She despises [waking up] early.
Dislike: She dislikes [cooking and baking].
Tolerate: I tolerated [her talking]. We can't tolerate [being screamed at].

Complete: He completed [renovating the house].
Finish: Finish [washing up] and then you can use the computer.
Postpone: He postponed [returning to Paris].
Put off (=postpone): She always puts off [going to the dentist].
Delay: He delayed [doing his taxes].
Resume: They resumed [talking] after the teacher left.

Avoid: He avoided [talking to her].
Escape: The two sons left the country to escape [being conscripted into the army].
Can't help: He can't help [talking so loudly].
Can’t face: I can’t face [going there again].
Can’t stand: How can you stand [living so far away from your home country]?

Admit: He admitted [cheating on the test].
Deny: He denied [committing the crime].
Appreciate: I appreciated [her helping me].
Celebrate: He celebrated [getting a job].

Defend: The lawyer defended [her making such statements].
Report: He reported [her stealing the money].
Discuss: We discussed [working at the company].
Consider: She considered [moving to New York].
Imagine: He imagines [working there one day].

Anticipate: I anticipated [arriving late].
Don't mind: I don't mind [helping you].
Fancy: Fancy [meeting you here]! I fancy [seeing a film tonight What do you fancy eating]?
Involve: The job involves [traveling to Japan once a month].
Justify: My results justify [taking drastic action].

Miss: She misses [living near the beach].
Practice: He practices [playing the guitar daily].
Resist: He resisted [asking for help].
Risk: He risked [being caught].
Save: If we buy plenty of food now, it will save [shopping again next week].
Understand: I understand [his quitting]. He couldn't understand [her leaving so suddenly].

3. После некоторых глаголов моно употреблять герундий или дополнение+инфинитив:

Advise: I advised [seeing a doctor]. I advised [them to see a doctor].
Recommend: Tony recommended [taking the train]. I recommend you [to take a holiday].
Allow: Ireland doesn't allow [smoking in bars]. Ireland doesn't allow [people] [to smoke in bars].
Permit: California doesn't permit [fishing without a fishing license]. California doesn't permit [people to fish without a fishing license].

Encourage: He encourages [eating healthy foods]. He encourages [his patients] [to eat healthy foods].
Require: The certificate requires [completing two courses]. The certificate requires [students] [to complete two courses].
Urge: They urge [recycling bottles and paper]. They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper.

4. После некоторых глаголов возможно употребление как герундия, так и инфинитива, но с разным смыслом.

deserve
George deserves [to succeed].
They deserve [shooting for that] (they deserve to be shot).

go on
He went on [to learn English and French]. (He ended one period of time before this.)
He went on [learning English and French]. (He continued learning the languages.)

quit
She quit [to work here]. (She quit another job in order to work here.)
She quit [working here]. (She quit her job here. She doesn’t work here anymore.)

begin
She began [singing].
She began [to sing].
(В непродолженных временах можно употреблять и герундий и инфнитив)

She is beginning [to sing]. (в продолженных временах употребляется только инфнитив)

dread
She dreaded [taking the test]. (чаще всего употребляется герундий).
He dreaded [to think of the consequences of his actions]. (иногда dread употребляется с инфинитивами таких глаголов как "think" или "consider." "dreaded to think" = "did not want to think.")

forget
I forgot [to meet him]. (I didn’t meet him because I forgot to do it.)
I forgot [meeting him]. (I don’t have the memory of meeting him before.)
I forgot [to lock the door]. (I didn't lock it.)
I forgot [locking the door]. (I can't remember the action.)

keep
She kept [talking]. (как правило употребляется герундий)
The attackers kept hostages [to prevent the police from entering]. (в конструкции keep + object + infinitive значение инфинитива - "in order to... .")

need
The house needs [cleaning]. (= "the house needs to be cleaned." – герундий имеет пассивное значение)
He needs [to call his boss].
He needs him [to call his boss].
(Чаще "need" употребляется с инфинитивом или конструкцией object + infinitive).

regret
I regret [promising to help you]. (I’m sorry that I made the promise.)
I regret [to tell you that we can't hire you]. (I’m telling you now, and I’m sorry.)
I regret [telling you the news]. (I wish I hadn't told you anything.)
I regret [to tell you the news]. (I am sorry about what I need to tell you.)

remember
She remembered [to visit her grandmother]. (She didn’t forget to visit.)
She remembered [visiting her grandmother]. (She had memories of this time.)
I remembered [to lock the door]. (I locked it.)
I remember [locking the door]. (I remember the action.)

start
Jane started [talking really fast].
Jane started [to talk really fast].
(в непродолженных временах "start" можно употреблять и с герундием и с инфинитивом)

Jane is starting [to talk really fast]. (в продолженных временах употребляется инфинитив).
I started [to learn Russian], but it was so much work that I finally quit the class. (употребление инфинитива может означать начатое, но не законченно действие)

stop
I stopped [to call you]. (I interrupted another action in order to call you.)
I stopped [calling you]. (I stopped this activity. Maybe we had a fight.)
We stopped [to eat hamburgers]. (We stopped our car in order to eat hamburgers.)
We stopped [eating hamburgers]. (We no longer eat hamburgers.)

try
I tried [to open the window]. (I attempted this action but didn’t succeed.)
I tried [opening the window]. (This was one option I sampled. Maybe the room was hot.)
I tried [to fix your sink with a wrench]. (I put in effort, I made an attempt.)
That failed, so I tried [fixing it with a wrench]. (I used a new or different technique.)

5. Некоторые глаголы могут употребляться и с инфинитивом и с герундием без особой разницы в смысле:

I hate [to leave/leaving everything to the last minute].
When the President appeared, the crowd began [to cheer/cheering].
We intend [to take/taking immediate action].
Don't bother [to wash/washing up].

К таким глаголам относятся:

Start: We started [taking walks]. He started [to drive his horses at a gallop].
Neglect: He neglected [doing his daily chores]. He neglected [to do his daily chores].
Begin: He began [talking immediately]. His thoughts began [to wander].
Commence (форм.) Based on these results, it seems advisable that schools should commence [to offer/offering explicit pronunciation practice from an earlier age than is currently the case].
Cease (форм.) The government ceased [providing free health care]. The government ceased [to provide free health care].
Continue: She continued [talking]. She continued [to talk].

Love: We love [scuba diving]. We love [to scuba dive].
Like: Samantha likes [reading]. Samantha likes [to read].
Hate: He hates [cleaning dishes]. He hates [to clean dishes].
Can't bear: He can't bear [being alone]. He can't bear [to be alone].
Can't stand: Nancy can't stand [working the late shift]. Nancy can't stand [to work the late shift].
Intend: I intend [to leave tomorrow]. We intend [contacting the company before taking any action].
Prefer: He prefers [eating at 7 PM]. He prefers [to eat at 7 PM].
Propose: Drew proposed [paying for the trip]. Drew proposed [to pay for the trip].
Bother: I appreciated that she bothered [to come and see us although she was very busy]. Герундий звучит естественно только в отрицательных предложениях (Don’t bother waiting for me.) или с отрицательным оттенком (I don't know why you bothered turning up. Why did you bother going to the doctor, if you weren't going to listen to his advice?)

При этом
(a) C глаголами «любви/ненависти» герундий может выражать действительно происходящее действие, а инфинитив – предполагаемое:

Hate [doing the same thing all the time]. It gets really boring sometimes.
I'd hate [to do the same thing] all the time. I'm lucky my job is so interesting.

(b) Like, love и hate часто употребляются с герундием, а would like, would love и would hate - обычно с инфинитивом:

I love [swimming]. I swim nearly every day.
I'd love [to go for a swim]. It's such a lovely day.

(c) Like + to-infinitive скорее выражает, что что-то правильно, чем доставляет удовольствие:

I like [to keep all these papers in order].

Можно сравнить:

I didn't like [to complain]. (= I didn't complain because it wasn't a good idea.)
I didn't like [complaining]. (= I complained, but I didn't enjoy it.)

(d) После глагола в продолженной форме лучше избегать герундия:

The spectators were already beginning [to arrive]. (не ‘beginning arriving’)

(e) После start, begin и continue глаголы состояния обычно употребляются в форме инфинитива:

I soon began [to understand what the problems were].

6. С некоторыми глаголами нельзя употреблять герундий, но возможна конструкция verb + object + participle:

Excuse the interruption.
Excuse me interrupting.
Excuse me for interrupting.
Неверно: Excuse my interrupting.

I can't forgive his lies.
I can't forgive him lying to me.
I can't forgive him for lying to me. Неверно: ‘I can't forgive his lying to me’.