2-1. Элементы клоза

Процитируем 'Longman student grammar of spoken and written English':

Verb phrase (V) The verb phrase is the central element of the clause, because it expresses the action or state to which other elements relate, and it controls the other kinds of elements and meanings that can be in the clause.

Subject (S) The second most important element is the subject.

Object (O)

A direct object (DO) generally follows immediately after the verb, except where an indirect object intervenes. Its most common semantic role is to denote the entity affected by the action or process of the verb:

He bought biscuits and condensed milk.
We parked the car in the worst place.

An indirect object (IO) occurs after ditransitive verbs such as give and tell, and comes before the direct object. It conforms to the other criteria for objects, including the formation of passives. To illustrate this last point, consider example 1, where the indirect object is in bold and the direct object is underlined. In the passive counterpart la, the indirect object you becomes the subject:

Ben Franklin Transit gave you additional funding.
You were given additional funding by Ben Franklin Transit.

Predicative (P)
A predicative can be an adjective phrase, a noun phrase, or occasionally a prepositional phrase. It follows the verb phrase and (if one is present) the direct object. It has the semantic role of characterizing a preceding noun phrase. There are two major types of predicative, the subject predicative and the object predicative:

Subject predicatives (SP) characterize or specify the subject noun phrase:

His skin was very pink.
That tall fellow over there is Dr Fraker.
But his wife Shelley seemed in great shape.
Subject predicatives are also called 'subject complements'.

Object predicatives (OP)
Object predicatives characterize or specify the direct object noun phrase:

Oh, I can't get this milk open.
Many consider these new gates something of a menace.

The object predicative is also called the 'object complement'.

Adverbial (A)
Some verbs take an adverbial in order to complete their meaning. This is known as an obligatory adverbial. Obligatory adverbials can occur with two patterns: the copular pattern and the complex transitive pattern. Obligatory adverbials usually express place or direction, although they can also express time or manner meanings

Your toast is on the table. S+V+A
The pleasant summer lasted well into March. S+V+A
She placed the baby on a blanket in the living room. S+V+DO+A
I treated her badly, very badly. S+V+DO+A