2-2. Периферийные элементы

В структуре предложения можно выделить периферийные элементы. Снова цитата из 'Longman student grammar of spoken and written English':

1. Conjunctions
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are fixed in initial position in the clause, even ahead of other peripheral adverbials:

And, of course, now Keely doesn't have any teeth.
Because he and Jane aren't married.

2. Parentheticals
Parentheticals are set off from the surrounding clause by parentheses (in writing), or sometimes by dashes:

At precisely 11.07 (Earth time), a message flashed up on the ITN screen.
One of the first to make it in modern times (some Greeks had known it long before) was Leonardo da Vinci.

3. Prefaces Prefaces
are noun phrases placed before the subject, which typically have the same reference as a personal pronoun in the clause:

This woman, she's ninety years old.

But Anna-Luise what could have attracted her to a man in his fifties?

4. Tags
In contrast to prefaces, tags are normally added at the end of a clause, and can be either noun phrase tags (I), question tags (2) or declarative tags (3):

(1) It's nice that table anyway.
(2) She's so generous, isn't she?
(3) Yeah I thoroughly enjoyed it I did.

Noun phrase tags are comparable to prefaces, except that they follow the main part of the clause.

5. Inserts
Grammatically these are extra words which can be 'slipped into' spoken discourse, mainly to convey interactive meanings. They can occur as stand-alone elements, or as peripheral elements in a clause. Examples with clauses are:

Hello is that Cindy Jones?
You know who Stan is, right?

Some multi-word expressions may be considered inserts because they have become so formulaic that they seem like single units rather than syntactic constructions:
Er no I'll give it a - miss right now thank you.
You know she went all the way up to calculus in high school.

6. Vocatives
Vocatives are nouns or noun phrases which generally refer to people, and serve to identify the person(s) being addressed:

Mum, I'm making such a big sandwich.
Oh, make your bloody mind up, boy!
Come on you reds, come on you reds, come on you reds.