11-2. Замены для клоза и его элементов

Глагол do как замена

В качестве служебного глагола do схож в употреблении с другими операторами:

Martin drives a car, and his sister does (...), too.
Martin can drive a car, and his sister can (...), too.

Здесь можно говорить скорее о пропуске всей части сказуемого кроме оператора (predication), чем о замене сказуемого на do.
Но в последующих примерах do выступает уже скорее в роли замены (причем уже как смысловой глагол, а не служебный).

1). Как непереходный глагол do употребляется только в британском английском (после оператора do или модальных глаголов):

Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
The Americans are reducing their defence expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will (do) too.
A: Will you be attending the meeting this evening? B: I may (do).
I didn't touch the television set; but Percy might have (done).

2). Как переходный глагол do употребляется в сочетаниях.

Часто употребляется сочетание do so:

They planned to reach the top of the mountain, but nobody knows if they did (so). [= reached the top of the mountain]
You can take the train back to Madrid, but I shouldn't (do (so)) until tomorrow morning. [= take the train back to Madrid]
The American team will have to think of some new tactics, and are probably doing so at this very minute. [= thinking of some new tactics]
Would you mind feeding the dog, if you haven't already (done (so))?[= fed the dog].
As no one else has succeeded in solving the mystery, I shall attempt to (do so) myself [= solve the mystery].
As no one else has succeeded in doing so, I shall attempt to solve
the mystery myself. [= solving the mystery]
(сочетание do so звучит достаточно формально).

Сочетание do so схоже с сочетаниями do it и do that:

A: Rover is scratching the door.
B: Yes, he always 'does so/’does it/does ‘that when he wants attention.
Mr Brown goes to the hospital for treatment every week: in fact he has been doing ‘so/’doing it/’doing that ever since I have known him.

При употреблении этих выражений может быть некоторая разница:

Martin is painting his house. I'm told he does it every four years.
Martin is painting his house. I'm told this is merely because his neighbour did so last year.

В первом случае предпочтительнее do it, так как речь фактически об одном и том же действии. Во втором случае лучше употребить do so, так речь идет о типе действия.

Do that выражает больший фокус на дополнении (и на него падает ударение), в то время как it в do it всегда безударно:

Is Connie still trying to light the stove? She should have ‘done it by ‘now.
Are you trying to light the stove with a match? I wouldn't do ‘that.

Как переходный глагол do не употребляется как замена статических глаголов:

They think that he is mad.
Нельзя: We do it too.

He owns a Cadillac.
Нельзя: Yes, his brother does that too. (Но можно употреблять do как оператор: Yes, his brother does, too).

Наречие so

В качестве про-формы so может заменять прилагательное/группу прилагательного или группу существительного в роли комплемента:

Prices at present are reasonably stable, and will probably remain so.
If he’s a criminal, it’s his parents who have made him so.
Brett’s work is not yet consistent in style and quality, but will no doubt become so.

So может употребляться в качестве замены для that-clause в роли прямого дополнения:

Oxford is likely to win the next boat race. All my friends say so. [= .. .that Oxford will win the next boat race]
Jack hasn't found a job yet. He told me so yesterday. [= . . .that he hasn't find a job yet]

Так можно выразить предположение:

Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate.
My father thinks so, but I believe not.

Т.е. негативным эквивалентом so в таких конструкциях является not. Но в отличие от so на not часто падает главное ударение:

A: Has the news reached home yet?
B: I'm ‘afraid so.
B: I'm afraid ‘not.

Помимо afraid, такая конструкция возможно с рядом глаголов, за которыми может следовать и so и not. К ним относятся: appear, expect, hope, presume, seem, suspect, believe, guess, imagine, reckon, suppose, think.

So как pro-clause иногда встречается в начальной позиции (с инверсией или без):

A: Oxford will win the boat race; at least, so all my Oxford friends say.
B: And so say most of sports writers, too/So most of the sports writers say, too.

Но когда в роли подлежащего выступает местоимение, инверсия невозможна:

A: Most people are backing the Oxford crew.
B: So I believe; but that doesn't mean they'll win. (неверно: So believe I)

Возможны еще две конструкции с so:

So + Operator + Subject (с инверсией)

You asked him to leave, and 'so did ‘I. [= I asked him to leave, too]
The corn is ripening, and 'so are the ‘apples. [= the apples are ripening too)
You've spilled coffee on the table, and 'so have ‘I. [= and I've spilled coffee on the table, too]

So + Subject + Operator (без инверсии)

You asked me to leave, and 'so I did. [= and I ‘did leave]
A: It's starting to snow. B: 'So it is!
A : You've spilled coffee on your dress. B: Oh dear, 'so I ‘have.